2025: a year of tears, tariffs & taxes
Michael Simmons reflects on some of the economic highs and lows of 2025.
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Michael Simmons reflects on some of the economic highs and lows of 2025.
Featured economics news and data.
Does having money really matter that much? There are those, usually with quite a bit of it, who want us to care less about materialism. But, unequivocally, money really does matter – not because of any status it supposedly brings, but for the freedom it buys: freedom to choose how we live and how we look after others. Considering this, it seems that the deep disillusionment with mainstream politicians in recent years stems from a protracted and ongoing period of stagnant living standards over which they have presided. But the truth is that the average person has not got poorer since the global financial crisis. They have got a little
The Chancellor’s black hole is getting bigger and tax rises are coming. That’s the judgement of the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) whose model of the UK economy has forecast she must find £50 billion of revenue or cuts if she’s to return to the £9.9 billion of fiscal headroom she left herself in the spring. Some now believe the gap is so large Reeves may have to break Labour’s manifesto pledge not to increase income tax, VAT or employee national insurance Reeves’s self-imposed and ‘ironclad’ fiscal rules require her to abolish the deficit by the end of the Office for Budget Responsibility’s (OBR) five-year forecast. NIESER’s
The global trading system is adjusting to the tariffs levied by the United States: for most goods they look likely to settle at roughly 15 per cent. The microchip industry will carry on much as before, the auto manufacturers will adjust, and even if it means drinking more Californian instead of French wine, the drinks trade will settle down. There is just one exception: pharmaceuticals. President Trump is determined that drugs should be manufactured on American soil. And if he follows through on that, Britain risks losing one of its last major industries. The tariffs on pharma imports will start with just a few percentage points, but the plan is
High levels of migration might not always be good for community relations if large numbers of new arrivals descend on one neighbourhood, but at least it helps boost GDP by providing Britain with a source of eager workers whom employers struggle to find in Britain. That sums up the view of some economists, but it has just been thoroughly rejected by one important voice. David Miles, who sits on the committee of the Office for Budgetary Responsibility (OBR), has written today that it is wrongheaded to think that Britain can solve its economic problems by opening its doors to overseas workers. Even a migrant on the average UK wage will
It was, at least, far better than the City feared. Shares in banks and finance houses such as Lloyds and Close Brothers were soaring on the London market this morning after the Supreme Court rejected claims that they potentially owed tens of billions in mis-sold car finance. Instead, they are likely to get away with a mere £9 billion to £18 billion instead. But this still doesn’t address a pretty important question: it is not really clear why Britain’s motorists deserve a few billion from the banks. All it is doing is putting us on a slippery slope to an out-of-control compensation culture. A lot of holidays will be paid
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John O’Neill and Sam McPhail, the Spectator’s research and data team, join economics editor Michael Simmons to re-introduce listeners to the Spectator’s data hub. They take us through the process between the data hub and how their work feeds into the weekly magazine. From crime to migration, which statistics are the most controversial? Why can’t we agree on data? Plus – whose data is presented better, the Americans or the French? For more from the Spectator’s data hub – which may, or may not look like the thumbnail photo – go to: data.spectator.co.uk Produced by Patrick Gibbons and Megan McElroy.
It doesn’t look like the Chancellor will hit her target for turning the UK into the fastest-growing economy in the G7. Nor has ‘stability’ unlocked a wave of foreign investment. Instead, it has plunged. As for Rachel Reeves’s fiscal rules, they have been missed almost every month since they were announced. Now there is more bad news for the Chancellor. Business confidence has collapsed to an all-time low. It is not hard to work out why the mood is so bad Leaving the EU’s single market was tough for Britain; so was the financial crash of 2008 and 2009. The pandemic, too, was never going to make business owners feel
Maybe Trump doesn’t always chicken out after all. Rapid trade deals with the UK, Japan, the EU and others in recent weeks may have given the impression that the trade war was essentially over. Today, though, comes Trump’s Ardennes offensive, with immediate tariffs of 35 per cent announced for Canada. Other countries have been given a week to prepare for steep increases: India will be subject to 25 per cent tariffs, Taiwan 20 per cent and Switzerland – far from neutral in this particular conflict – 39 per cent. Those who insist Trump has a very clever strategy and is winning tend also to be people who, in any other
Spectator readers will not need me to tell them the meaning of the Latin ‘cura terrae’. Taking care of the Earth was one of central arguments of last week’s front-page feature against private equity. But Cura Terrae also happens to be the name of a business based in Sheffield. This business is an environmental services provider dedicated to helping preserve the world and the natural resources that we all love and cherish. One of its particular strengths is its water services division, where its team of specialists monitor water flow and quality across the UK. By doing so, they help to protect our rivers from the kind of water pollution
At Stansted on Monday, a currency kiosk offered me €270 for £300. ‘Wrong way round,’ I said, having swiftly figured €300 for £270 would represent an exchange rate of 1.11, close enough to the current market level of 1.14. ‘Nah, mate, airport rate, innit?’ This week’s first lesson is never buy euros at the airport; but the second lesson is that wherever you buy them – especially if you have, say, a Mediterranean superyacht charter in prospect – you’re in for a painfully expensive summer. Back in March you could have had €1.20 for your pound. Since then sentiment towards sterling has been soured by expectations of bad economic news
Stockholm This week, the fate of the global economy could have been decided over a Mongolian barbecue in a Stockholm tourist trap. On Tuesday, just 50 yards from Sweden’s seat of government, Rosenbad – where the US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent and the Chinese Vice Premier He Lifeng had been wrangling over trade negotiations – the Chinese delegation suddenly exited the talks and headed for lunch near the Mongolian buffet place, where they had eaten the day before. Its windows were covered up and a sign announced it would be closed for three days for a ‘private event’. The Americans stayed behind, making do with salad. China, still the factory
Given the perilous condition of Britain’s public finances, perhaps we ought to start taking the IMF and its World Economic Outlook a little more seriously. It is not impossible to foresee Rachel Reeves or her successor having to repeat what one of her Labour predecessors, Denis Healey, had to do in 1976: and beg the IMF for an emergency loan. What the IMF thinks of the prospects for the UK economy will be key to what sort of deal she might be able to secure. The IMF has, at least, ceased to make out that Britain is doomed to suffer a self-inflicted, Brexit-generated recession all of its own. On the
Stockholm, Sweden The United States and China have concluded two days of trade negotiations in Stockholm without reaching an agreement to extend the truce in their ongoing trade war. Shortly after the talks ended, US Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent, who led the American delegation, told reporters that any decision to extend the current 12 August deadline – at which point tariffs would revert to 34 per cent – rests solely with President Trump. A meeting between Trump and President Xi Jinping was not on the agenda. The Chinese delegation said both sides had agreed to ‘push’ for such an extension. Bessent, along with Trump’s trade adviser Jamieson Greer, told me
The US-EU trade deal has been given a lukewarm reception in Europe. Although the agreement between US president Donald Trump and the president of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen is merely a framework, rather than a full-trade deal, there are already major concerns on the continent, especially in Germany – a country famously reliant on exports. German chancellor Friedrich Merz did not seem too pleased with the deal, negotiated by his party colleague von der Leyen. ‘I’m not satisfied with the result in the sense that (it was said) this is good as it is,’ Merz stated. ‘Which, in plain terms, means the German economy will suffer significant
In proposing to sell the government’s £5 billion hoard of Bitcoin – accumulated from confiscating the proceeds of crime – Rachel Reeves has earned some keen supporters. But the Chancellor should resist the temptation. It wouldn’t be an error quite on the scale of Gordon Brown’s sale of half of Britain’s gold reserves in 1999 – that occurred right at the bottom of a bear market in gold, while Bitcoin in recent weeks has been trading at record highs. Nevertheless, Reeves would be missing out on the opportunity to build a Strategic Crypto Reserve which could turn out to be many times more valuable in the future. By backing cryptocurrencies rather than disposing
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First up: how private equity is ruining Britain Gus Carter writes in the magazine this week about how foreign private equity (PE) is hollowing out Britain – PE now owns everything from a Pret a Manger to a Dorset village, and even the number of children’s homes owned by PE has doubled in the last five years. This ‘gives capitalism a bad name’, he writes. Perhaps the most symbolic example is in the water industry, with water firms now squeezed for money and saddled with debt. British water firms now have a debt-to-equity ratio of 70%, compared to just 4% in 1991. Britain’s desperation for foreign money has, quite literally,
The weekend’s torrential Yorkshire rain amid a hosepipe ban offered a handy metaphor for the chaos that has befallen the privatised UK water industry. Sir Jon Cunliffe’s Independent Water Commission report – aiming for a ‘fundamental reset’ to restore public confidence, clean our waterways and ensure future supply – is welcome for the clarity of its central conclusion: that unfit-for-purpose Ofwat and a jumble of other regulators should be replaced by a single body with more teeth and comprehensive oversight of the sector. So far, so good. Cunliffe – a veteran of the Treasury, the Bank of England and Brussels – can also be applauded for his bureaucratic cunning in
Britain is continuing to chuck billions onto our mounting pile of debt. Figures just released by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) show that last month the state had to borrow just under £21 billion. That was £6.6 billion more than in June last year and the second-highest June borrowing total since records began 32 years ago. The ONS confirmed the surge in borrowing was a continuation of the fiscal doom loop this country now finds itself in. ‘The rising costs of providing public services and a jump in the debt interest we have to pay on inflation-linked gilts outweighed increased revenue brought in from tax hikes. Interest due on our debt
This weekend, the Sunday Telegraph reported that Rachel Reeves is eyeing a ‘£5 billion bitcoin sale’ to ease the pressure on the public finances. Some commentators have grasped the wrong end of the stick here – these sales could not be used to fill a ‘black hole’ under the current fiscal rules. Others have argued that it would be foolish to dump cryptoassets that may still increase significantly in value. Unfavourable comparisons are inevitably being drawn with Gordon Brown’s sale of gold reserves starting in 1999. But that may be wide of the mark too. So, what to make of all this? Unlike true ‘safe havens’, the price of bitcoin tends to
The government is briefing that Rachel Reeves is ruling out a wealth tax, and won’t surrender to pressure from the left on the Labour backbenches to raid the assets of the rich. It will only accelerate the exodus of the wealthy from the UK, they say. It won’t raise any serious money. And just about every other country that has tried it has had to abandon it. That may reassure a few millionaires anxiously scanning property websites in Dubai and the Caribbean. But there is just one catch: the Chancellor has broken every other promise she has made so far – so why not this one as well? Reeves will
Deep fried prawn balls, chicken chow mein, crispy shredded beef and a Ponzi scheme could be about to win the Chancellor a decent chunk of her headroom back. If Reeves does press ‘sell’, she will be accused of ‘pulling a Gordon Brown’ As Rachel Reeves starts sketching out her autumn Budget, most of the focus has been on the tax hikes she’ll need if she’s serious about sticking to the ‘ironclad’ fiscal rules she recommitted to just last week. Economists reckon the wafer-thin £9.9 billion margin she left herself at the Spring Statement has already been wiped out and that she’s now staring down a black hole of over £20