Chess

Petrosian Move by Move is a new book published by Everyman Chess written by the Swedish international master Thomas Engqvist. The book consists of 60 closely annotated games, all wins, by Tigran Petrosian, world champion from 1963 to 1969 and an inspiration for the recent successes of the Armenian team, who have won the Olympiad gold medal on three occasions (2006, 2008 and 2012). Petrosian has a reputation for caution, and his victories were often described as pragmatic or even defensive. Engqvist takes a completely different view, depicting Petrosian as an artist of the chessboard, possessed of a quite idiosyncratic style.

Chess, unlike football, appears to confer little or no home advantage. In a recent article for Kensington & Chelsea Today, my esteemed colleague Barry Martin, who enjoys more space than any other chess columnist in the UK, and possibly even the world, inveighed against the psychological pressures which seem to afflict great players operating on their home turf. Barry drew attention in particular to the setbacks suffered by Topalov against Anand in Sofia, and the humiliation of Anand himself in Chennai last year, in his match defence against Carlsen. Carlsen has shown signs of this syndrome when he twice failed to capture first prize in the annual elite Norway tournament (see last week’s column), on both occasions finishing as runner-up to Karjakin.

For the second year running, 24-year-old Sergei Karjakin has won the Norway International, on both occasions ahead of Magnus Carlsen. The final scores, out of 9, were as follows: Karjakin 6; Carlsen 5½; Grischuk 5; Caruana and Topalov 4½; Aronian, Svidler, Kramnik and Giri 4; Agdestein 3½. Of the world elite, only Anand and Nakamura were absent. The former world champion Kramnik, now 38, was the early leader but faded towards the end. Karjakin, in contrast, achieved the feat of winning his last three games, against Giri, Kramnik and Caruana.   Giri-Karjakin: Norway Chess 2014 (see diagram 1)   With bishop against White’s rook, Karjakin had been defending tenaciously for many hours in this 100+ move marathon.

As I write, the former world champion Vladimir Kramnik is leading in the Norway tournament in Stavanger. The line-up is impressive, including Magnus Carlsen, Lev Aronian, Fabiano Caruana and Sergei Karjakin, and missing only Viswanathan Anand, who was defeated in last year’s World Championship match by Carlsen.   At his best Kramnik is a subtle tactician, with a penchant for extraordinarily complex middlegames. Sometimes the search for complications lets him down, as in his notorious last-round loss to Ivanchuk in the final round of last year’s Candidates tournament in London. This deprived Kramnik of the right to challenge Anand for the world title, ceding the palm to Carlsen, who went on to victory.

The last great tournament to have been completed before the outbreak of war in 1914 was St Petersburg, which saw a sensational triumph by the world champion Emanuel Lasker, ahead of Capablanca, Alekhine, Tarrasch and Marshall. It is a testament to the political naivety of both players and organisers that an event was set for Mannheim in Germany in August 1914, organised by the German Chess Federation and open to many foreign luminaries. When war broke out the tournament had to be abandoned, and various foreign dignitaries were interned in Germany. After 11 rounds of the 17 envisaged, Alekhine was in the lead, ahead of Vidmar, Spielmann, Breyer, Marshall, Reti, Janowski, Bogolyubov and Tarrasch among others.

Although world champion Magnus Carlsen clearly secured first place in the Gashimov Memorial tournament, he did not have things all his own way. Indeed, just before the halfway point he lost two consecutive games and appeared to be in a state of collapse. However, in the style of his hero Emanuel Lasker, Carlsen struck back to score a magnificent 4 out of 5 points in the second half. This included his razor-edge win against his chief rival Fabiano Caruana.   This week, a selection of critical positions from this important event.   Caruana-Carlsen: Gashimov Memorial 2014   The first impediment to Carlsen’s victory parade came in the following position when Caruana uncorked a devastating pseudo-sacrifice. 25 Nxc7 Rd8 After 25 ...

The game that clinched Magnus Carlsen’s victory in the Gashimov Memorial came, fittingly, in a last-round cliffhanger against his closest rival, Fabiano Caruana. Both players were on 5½ points out of 9 possible, hence a win for either grandmaster would determine the laurels in his favour. A draw, leaving them both tied on 6 points, would have been a reasonable solution, honourable to both sides, but Carlsen is at his most deadly in these tense situations — one of the attributes he has taken from the great psychologist Emanuel Lasker. As it was, Caruana, despite playing with the black pieces, also seemed determined to play for a win, repeating his exploit against Carlsen from the first half of the tournament.

In my column of 26 April I suggested that the new world champion Magnus Carlsen was in need of some stiff opposition in preparation for his title defence, scheduled for later this year. Since winning the championship six months ago, Carlsen has been indulging himself with a series of PR events and victories against (by his standards) minor opponents. With a resurgent Anand having qualified to challenge for the title he lost last year, it was high time Carlsen sharpened his wits to ready himself for his next encounter with an opponent who seems even more dangerous than before.   Carlsen duly agreed to compete in the memorial tournament for Vugar Gashimov, whose life and achievements were being celebrated posthumously in Shamkir, Azerbaijan.

From 1950 to 1962, the challenger for the world title was determined by a Candidates tournament of the world’s leading grandmasters, apart of course from the world champion. This was deemed an improvement on the previous system whereby the incumbent could accept or decline challenges as he saw fit, subject to pressures of finance and prestige. Thereafter Fidé, the world chess federation, adopted a number of experiments, some successful, some less so, such as the qualifier for the 2012 championship which was determined by quickplay games, an affront to classical chess.   Since last year, though, Fidé has sensibly reverted to the great tournament format of yesteryear, with splendid events in London and Khanty-Mansisk.

The history of the world chess championship includes five title matches where the challenger was the former champion, seeking his revenge. These are Steinitz v Lasker, 1896; Alekhine v Euwe 1937; Botvinnik v Smyslov, 1958; Botvinnik v Tal 1961 and Karpov v Kasparov 1986. Steinitz and Karpov both failed in their bids to reclaim the championship, while Alekhine and Botvinnik were successful, the latter twice.   After the Candidates’ tournament in Khanty-Mansisk, the former champion Anand becomes the fifth deposed monarch of the chess world to have the chance to stage a comeback. When I organised the 2000 challenge by Kramnik to Kasparov in London, I offered Kasparov the right to an automatic return match should he lose the first time round.

While Viswanathan Anand, the former world champion, has been qualifying for a revenge match for the world title, Magnus Carlsen, the new champion, has been awaiting the identity of his challenger. Now that Carlsen knows that he will have to face Anand once again, the time has come to do some serious preparation and get in some practice against the rest of the world’s elite. I believe that the rejuvenated Anand will pose a considerably greater danger than when he succumbed so feebly in Chennai last year, looking like a  pale imitation of himself.   Carlsen has been amusing himself against strong but comparatively lightweight opposition, but he must now switch to a higher gear.

The erratic Ukrainian grandmaster Vassily Ivanchuk has scored an overwhelming victory in a rapidplay tournament sponsored by the Latvian railway. Leading scores were as follows: Ivanchuk 13 (out of 14); Malakhov 10; Fridman 9½; Bologan 9; Shirov (and many others) 8½. There is something symptomatic about the colossal scale of Ivanchuk’s victory in this event. Rapid games do not count for ratings or titles, hence it is possible to play without experiencing the kind of pressure which causes Ivanchuk’s ups and downs in classical chess.

The Candidates tournament has been won by Vishy Anand who adopted the safety-first policy of winning two of his first three games and then drawing most of the rest. By avoiding defeat, Anand more or less coasted to victory, since all of his rivals slipped up on various occasions. Anand, at the age of 44, was the only player in his forties; the next oldest player, Topalov, is five years his junior. It is remarkable that Anand was able to dominate a field which included a former world champion and so many up and coming talents. He is now set for a revenge match against Magnus Carlsen towards the end of this year.   This week, a final selection of critical moments from this important event.

This week I focus on a number of key positions from the World Championship qualifier, the Candidates tournament, which concluded at the beginning of this week in Khanty-Mansisk in Siberia. The Candidates was a remarkable event, with two former world champions, Viswanathan Anand (the ultimate winner) and Vladimir Kramnik, competing, along with a former Fidé (World Chess Federation) champion, Veselin Topalov, the current world no. 2, Lev Aronian, and the seven-times Russian champion Peter Svidler.   On an open board in the endgame, a bishop will usually outperform a knight. Here Anand gives a textbook example.

As the World Championship qualifier (aka Candidates tournament) approaches its final rounds in Khanty-Mansisk, it is worth emphasising the Everest which the eventual challenger will have to climb when facing the new world champion, Magnus Carlsen. A new book by the international master Colin Crouch (Magnus Force, Everyman Chess) enters in great detail into Carlsen’s most prominent games against the world’s elite in the run-up to last year’s World Championship match. This week’s game, played after the book was written, shows Carlsen demolishing a Brazilian grandmaster with astonishing ease in the champion’s recent trip to the host nation for this year’s football World Cup.

The Oxford v. Cambridge Varsity Match held at the Royal Automobile Club two weeks ago ended in a draw. This is the longest-running chess fixture in the world, dating originally from 1873, when such luminaries as Howard Staunton and Wilhelm Steinitz were in attendance. Cambridge now lead by 58 wins to 53 with 21 drawn matches. This week’s game is a fine win by Oxford.   Weaving-Chiu: Varsity Match, London 2014; Sicilian Defence   1 e4 c5 2 Nc3 e6 3 Nf3 d6 4 d4 cxd4 5 Nxd4 Nf6. After various transpositions we have reached a standard position from the Scheveningen Variation of the Sicilian Defence, one popularised by Kasparov in his world title matches against Karpov. 6 Be3 a6 7 Qd2 b5 8 f3 Bb7. The scene is set.

It is a little known fact that Emanuel Lasker, the German world chess champion, who reigned from 1894 to 1921, was keen for Germany to enter the first world war. This seems at odds with his internationalism (he spent a long time in Britain, and represented England, rather than Germany, in the great Hastings tournament of 1895).   Lasker’s immediate response to the outbreak of hostilities was to pen a series of distinctly pro-war articles in the autumn of 1914. In one article, which appeared on 13 September, he stated that ‘the goal of occupation and administration of France by Germans is as sure as mate by rook and king against king’. This is very much a beginners’ checkmate since it is so simple — thus more insulting to the French than to England.

On Saturday 8 March the 132nd Varsity match between the teams of Oxford and Cambridge will see Oxford seeking to reduce its historic deficit in a match which can claim to be the world’s longest-running chess fixture. Scores stand as follows: Cambridge lead by 58 wins to 53 with 20 drawn matches. This year’s contest is jointly sponsored by Henry Mutkin, the doyen of the RAC Chess Circle and the Royal Automobile Club itself.   This week’s game is one of my own experiences from an earlier Varsity contest against a player who went on to win the British Championship on two occasions.

This week I pay tribute to the chess grandmasters from Ukraine, led by Vassily Ivanchuk, many times a candidate for the world championship. Ukraine occupies an honourable place in the history of chess, for example winning the gold medals in the chess Olympiad of 2010, held in one of the World Chess Federation’s favourite venues, Khanty-Mansisk in Siberia. Ivanchuk played an interesting role in last year’s world championship qualifier in London. Blessed with extraordinary creativity, yet almost equally erratic, Ivanchuk seemed headed for a disaster, based on his ability to lose on time in promising positions.

Three important tournaments concluded this month, for two of which (Gibraltar and Bunratty) I attended the awards ceremonies. I have already given the results of Zurich. The most impressive game, the concluding phase of which provided last week’s puzzle, was Magnus Carlsen’s victory against Fabiano Caruana. We join the game just before Carlsen sacrifices rook for bishop to cause a fatal breach in the black defences.